Page 371 - dok_krajums

3 6 9
improve defence, at the southern gate there was erected a quadrangular tower and on the northern
side of the castle – a small bailey with a quadrangular gate tower, which has not survived. From the
southern side of the castle there was an access to the bank of the Gauja River where there prob­
ably was a port. As the area of the castle expanded, in the second half of the 14th century a ringwall
around the southern bailey was erected. 28 The ground floor of the tower-shaped southern wing of
Turaida Castle had survived under the rubble until 1970s and now has been restored. In the same
period a new large, rather pompous hall was built in the south-eastern part of the yard; today its
existence is attested by only a few building elements and the foundation. On the eastern side of the
castle where the slope is very steep and inaccessible, service buildings were erected.
The chapter contains 47 texts (1255–1392), of which 15 are documents produced in Turaida.
These are certificates of land tenure and judicial documents issued by the first Archbishop of Riga
and his successors Johannes II von Vechta (in office 1285–1294), Johannes III von Schwerin (1294–
1300), Fromhold von Vothauzen (also Vyffhusen etc.,1348–1369) and Johannes IV von Zinten
(1374–1393). Sources from this period that hold importance for the history of Turaida include
documents issued by the Pope in Naples, Rome, Avignon and elsewhere as well as chronicles and
inquiry protocols that reflect the struggle among the rulers of Livonian lands for power and proper­
ties, the Pope’s efforts to settle these conflicts as well as the warfare that took place in the late 13th
century. In the period from 1298 to 1366, Turaida Castle, same as other possessions of the Arch­
bishop of Riga, had been seized and held by the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order.
Documents and chronicles shed rather little light on the role of Turaida reeves in the admin­
istration of the land in this period; however, these officials are mentioned in various contexts, both
anonymously (1307–1316, 1341, 1342–1343, 1354, 1385), as well as by name: Albero (1272, No.17),
Bartholomeus van Thysenhusen (1360, Nos. 45, 46, 49) Johann von der Pael (de Palo) (1322, Nos.
34, 50, 51), Hynrik Orges (1372, No. 49), Henrico Salcze (Zaltze, Salsse, Salitz) (before 1385, No. 56),
Bernardo Goes (Ghoos) (1385, Nos. 55, 56, 57). Sources mention also the Archbishop’s reeves, whose
field of jurisdiction is associated with Turaida in historical literature: Ludolphus (1257, No. 13), Otto
de Rosen (1298, No. 72), Meynardus (ca. 1330, No. 36), Woldemarus de Rosen (1392, No. 59).
Latin is the dominating language of the documents published in this chapter although in the
late 13th century dialects of the German language began to be used in chronicles, but in the 14th
century the townspeople and vassals of Livonia formalized their deeds and made registry entries
also in Middle Low German.
Chapter 2
Estate assemblies and courts, paper and firearms
Turaida in the 15th century
1400–1509
Although at the beginning of the 15th century Turaida Castle was in the possession of the Arch­
bishop of Riga, it served as a residence of the Livonian Master. Archbishop of Riga Johannes V von
Wallenrodt (1392–1418) was the nephew of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and he tried
to maintain good relations with the Order and at the same time to consolidate the positions of the
office of the Archbishop of Riga. His efforts did not have much success and in 1405 all castles of the
Archbishopric of Riga, except Lielvārde (Lennewarden) and Koknese (Kokenhusen), were granted
on lease to the Order for a term of 12 years. During this time Turaida Castle was managed by the
Livonian Masters and reeves appointed by the Master from the ranks of the Teutonic Brethren.
28Jansons, Gunārs (2007), 57. lpp., fig. 31.
TuraidaDokumentos_no 300 IVdb.indd 369 22.07.14 9:58:33