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3 7 2 TUR A I DA 1 3 . – 1 6 . GAD S I MTA DOKUME N TOS
As the new towers were erected, an elongated northern bailey came into being with a household
yard on the eastern side and a long narrow passageway (zwinger) on the western side on both sides
of the road. The southern bailey was also enlarged by attaching a structure to the tower-shaped
southern wing.33
At the end of the century, the Archbishop of Riga Michael Hildebrand stayed in Turaida quite
often, but the preserved letters indicate that the issues he handled there for the most part were
related to hereditary rights. This Archbishop was born in Tallinn, had studied canon law in Leipzig
and for a short period (1477) had been the Livonian Master’s secretary. As archbishop he success­
fully co-operated with the Order.
The functions of the reeves of Turaida and Koknese became more and more clearly defined in
this period. Management documents have not survived but the recorded presence of the reeves of
Turaida in places such as Riga, Koknese, Rauna (Ronneburg) and Krievciems in the neighbourhood
of Krustpils (Kreuzburg) testifies that their functions covered a broad territory; the participation of
the reeves of Turaida in landtags in Rauna, Valka (Walk), Valmiera (Wolmar) and Paide (Weißen-
stein) is also documented. In documents the following reeves of Turaida are mentioned by name:
vassals of the Archbishop of Riga Hinrik Aderkas (1403), Brand Kosskull (Coskul) (1417–1420), Jo­
hann Wildenberg (Wildenberch, Wildenberk) (1422–1424), Otto von Rosen (1427), Jurgen Gutzleff,
Rotger van Backem (1444, No. 87), Peter von der Borch (1454–1460, Nos. 102, 107, 110), Wolmar
Üxkül (1466–1468, Nos. 112, 115), Kersten von Rosen, Hans’ son (1477, Nos. 123, 139) and Kersten
von Rosen, Georg’s son (1496–1514, Nos. 142–144, 147). The sources also mention the presence of the
following officials in Turaida castle: castellan (called hauptmann); Gosschalk von der Pale (von der
Pål, von der Pael) (1424–1428, Nos. 70, 71, 73, 74) and an anonymous landsknecht (1469, No. 117).
The chapter contains 81 sources (Nos. 60–141), 24 of which are produced in Turaida. Of these
only three are documents issued in Turaida: a ruling of a fief court (1428, No. 75), a document in
Latin about the foundation of a chantry (1436, No. 39) and a settlement of a border dispute between
vassals (1469, No. 117); the other sources produced in Turaida in this period are letters. The oldest
letters on paper in the respective period were written by the Livonian Master (1400, 1411, Nos. 60,
63), 20 other letters are authored by the Archbishop of Riga to the following recipients: the Town
Council of Tallinn (9 letters), the Town Council and guilds of Riga (6 letters), the Pope of Rome, the
Grand Master and the Livonian Master of the Teutonic Order and the towns of Torun and Gdansk
(Danzig). Several entries in the register of the expenditures and incomes of the Riga Town Council
(the so-called Kämmerei-book) indicate that the estates of the Archbishopric of Riga had held as­
semblies or talks in Turaida in the second half of the 15th century (Nos. 83, 89–91, 104, 106, 116,
118, 120, 121), while the published excerpts from chronicles relate about warfare among the rul­
ers of Livonian lands during which Turaida was used as a military fortification and saw the use of
firearms or powder weapons.
Chapter 3
Manors, reformation and coadjutor from Brandenburg
1509–1539
In Livonia, same as elsewhere in Europe, the beginning of the 16th century was a time when
the late medieval world was changing along with worldviews, the perception of the role of religion
and an individual and of the societal hierarchy and when money, private property and entrepre­
33Jansons, Gunārs (2007), figs. 47, 55.
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