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Jānis Ciglis
Interaction of the Baltic and Baltic Finnic Cultures in the lower Gauja Region
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Interaction of the Baltic and Baltic-Finnic
cultures in the lower Gauja region
until the early 13
th
century
Turaida Museum Reserve (TMR) has accumulated a rather large and interesting archaeo-
logical collection, characterising people’s life in the lower reaches of the Gauja River and in
Turaida region during the prehistoric times. Archaeological investigations and finds in Turaida
have been repeatedly reported, however, after reviewing the previous materials and including
the archaeological collection of TMR in the circulation of scientific knowledge, minute correc-
tions can be made with regard to earlier investigations.
The earliest evidence about the population density in the ancient region of Turaida dates
already from the Early Mesolithic (9000–8300 BC). At that time the territory of Latvia was
covered by birch and pine forests. This corresponds to the pro-boreal climatic period. The flint
cutter that was very characteristic of the Early Mesolithic (RDM I 33) was found in 1895, the
vicinity of Lejasmuiža in Krimulda, SE from Krimulda Castle, during the investigation of Liv
barrows. From the text of R. Jaksch it is not clear, though, where exactly the tool has been found –
whether in the excavations of Liepenes or of Tālēni group of barrows, but the first variant seems
a more plausible one. The cutter is 46 mm long and 12 mm wide, made of dark flint, which was
imported during the Early Mesolithic from the territory of present-day Lithuania (Fig. 1). This
tool yet bears Palaeolithic traces of processing. The cutter has been made of a knife-shaped chip
with ends cleaved off rhombically. The thickest edge and one end of the chip have been finely
retouched. The cutter found at Krimulda is the only evidence of the Early Mesolithic near the
Gauja River; other closer finds of the Early Mesolithic are associated with the lower reaches of
the Daugava River, Zvejnieki II settlement near Lake Burtnieki. A typical Pulli arrowhead of the
Early Mesolithic was found in the bog in the vicinity of Olaine.
No finds of the Middle Mesolithic are known in the vicinity of Turaida and Sigulda.
A harpoon characteristic of the Kunda culture was found near the Amata River. This is a Middle-
Mesolithic find that is closest to Turaida.
The Late Mesolithic (6000–5400 BC) is represented by the bone spearhead found on
the bank of the Gauja River in the spring of 2008. It has a long, slightly flattened end and a
small point with bilateral barbs. The spearhead was found near the Gauja not far from Sigulda,
while collecting the remains of placoderms. It is kept as private property by the finder R.
Arājs, inhabitant of Sigulda. Most probably, a bone arrowhead (Fig. 2) can be dated to the
Jānis Ciglis